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ABSTRACT The study was conducted at the faculty of Basic of Medical Sciences, Remo Campus to evaluate the dermatoglyphic appraisal of male students. Fingerprints of 50 male students within the age range of 19 to 24 years were used for this study. All healthy individuals with no history of any genetic disorders were included in the study. Ink method as described by Cummins and Midlo, which requires ink slab, inverted ‘T’ shaped pad, Kores duplicating ink, white paper, magnifying lens and soap was used. The fingers were rolled laterally on the ink slab and then placed on a white paper with one lateral edge and rolled over in opposite direction. Thus the finger tip patterns were recorded and studied with the help of magnifying lens. Finger print patterns were identified as: Loops, Whorls and Arches based on appearance of ridge lines. The present study evaluates the distribution of dermatoglyphic fingertip patterns in both hands among males and the findings of the study are compared with the available data. The result of this study indicates that Ulnar loop and Whorl pattern strength is much more than other patterns and has the potency of much more power and visibility compared to Arch, Radial loop, Twin loop and Acciendental. Likewise, the pattern strength of Arch and Accidental are much more reduced compared to other pattern types, which makes them have potency of lesser power and visibility compared to other pattern types. CHAPTER ONE 1.0 INTRODUCTION 1.1 DERMATOGLYPHICS This is the scientific study of fingerprints and can be traced back to 1892. The study was later termed Dermatoglyphics even though the process of fingerprint identification had already been in use for several hundred years (Buchi, 1954). All primates have ridged skin. It can also be found on the paws of certain mammals, and on the tails of some monkey species. In humans and animals, dermatoglyphs are present on fingers, palms, toes and soles. This helps shed light on a critical period of embryogenesis, between four weeks and five months, when the architecture of the major organ systems is developing. The word dermatoglyphics comes from two Greek words (derma, skin and glyphe, carve) and refers to the friction ridge formations which appear on the palms of the hands and soles of the feet. Characteristically, hair does not grow from this area. The ridging formations serve well to enhance contact, an area of multiple nerve endings (Dermal Papillae) and aids in the prevention of slippage. People of African ancestry display reduced skin pigmentation in the designated locations. All studies of the dermal ridge arrangements are classified under the term dermatoglyphics (Book, 1957). In mammals, there are various morphological features which are unique in character, for example stripes pattern in zebra or stripes pattern in tiger, it’s never the same and its unique to each of them (Banerjee, 1970) .patterns present on the palms, soles and lips are totally unique (Bansal, 1967). The palmar and plantar surface of the order primate are characterised by the presence of ridges. There are the intricate patterns of the epidermis and it is formed during the early foetal life, these are permanent and not affected by the age and postnatal circumstances, except when there is various injury to the stratum germinatium (Collins,1913). On the onset of 12 week of gestation, undulation appears on the inner surface of the epidermis which form ridges and furrow. There remains unchanged but its size keeps on growing as infant grows (Cummins and Midle, 1943). 1.2 Brief Historical Background: Classical Dermatoglyphics: The science of dermatoglyphics has its own importance. It can be applied for the medical studies, for identification of the person, identification in the crime, physical anthropology. The research work of the Faulds was first published in 1880 in the form of scientific identification of fingerprint whereas Herschel established fingerprint system and proved that the fingerprint do not change with age (Biswas, 1936). While Henry improved system of classification was accepted and is been applied even today. It was Galton’s idea to bring the fingerprint for personal identification and he realised its importance in disease identification. Galton’s original classification of whorls, loops, arches, still hold good and true in the field of dermatoglyphics and he proved the hereditary basis of fingerprints (Biswas, 1936; Coope, 1973). He had tried to develop the establishment of the fingerprint patterns with standard methods and obtaining the results from the collected data. There is a deep relation between the disease and the patterns of dermatoglyphics (Bansal et al.,1994). Study of the patterns on the palm was studied by (Biswas, 1936) for anthropological studies whereas the finger patterns was also studied by various scholar like the mean ridge count in the right hand of the cases (Verma (1952; Tiwari and Chattopadhyay, 2000). 1.3 Classification of dermatoglyphics Dermatoglyphic traits are formed under genetic control early in development but may be affected by environmental factors (Buchi, 1954). These patterns may represent the genetic makeup of an individual and can therefore be marker used as to identify the predisposition for left handedness (Ashbaugh and David, 1999). Patterns of dermatoglyphics are usually studied in a population selected randomly (Chattopadhyay and Kushwaha,1978). Fingerprints are extremely complex. Fingerprints are a reproduction of friction skin ridges found on the palm of the fingers and thumbs (Bansal,1966). They are also found on palms, soles of feet and lips. Two types of fingerprint characteristics are used in identification of individuals: Global features and Local features. Global features are those characteristic which are seen through naked eye and Local features are tiny characteristic of fingerprint ridges (Biswas, 1936). Their two dimensional arrangement is distinctive and is used for identification. It is possible for two or more individuals to have similar global features but still have different and distinctive fingerprints because of the local features, that is, the two dimensional arrangement is different. Global features include (Das and Das, 1996); Chattopadhyay, 1966): Pattern area, core area, type lines, delta ridge count, ridge pattern. Pattern Area: Fingerprints are read and classified based on the information in the pattern area. Certain minutiae points that are used for final recognition might be outside the pattern area. Core Point: The core point, located at the approximate centre of the finger impression, is used as a starting reference point for reading and classifying the print. Type Lines: They are the two innermost ridges that start parallel, diverge and surround or tend to surround the pattern area (Malhotra, 1987) Delta: In all types of ridge patterns a place occurs where two lines run side by side and then diverge significantly recurving line which passes in front of a structure which is triangular in shape called delta or triradius. Ridge Count: It is the number of ridges between the delta and the core. To establish the ridge count, an imaginary line is drawn from the delta to the core; each ridge that touches this line is counted (Book, 1957). Ridge Patterns: Fingerprints have general ridge patterns for classification which are divided into three classes: Loops, Whorl and Arch
Keywords: DERMATOGLYPHIC APPRAISAL OF STUDENTS IN THE FACULTY OF BASIC MEDICAL SCIENCE
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