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CHAPTER ONE 1.1 Introduction Internet is no longer just a global network for people to communicate with one another using computers, but it is also a platform for devices to communicate electronically with the world around them. The result is a world that is alive with information as data flows from one device to another and is shared and reused for a multitude of purposes. Harnessing the potential of all of this data for economic and social good will be one of the primary challenges and opportunities of the coming decades. The Internet of things (stylised Internet of Things or IoT ) is the internet working of physical devices, vehicles (also referred to as “connected devices” and ” smart devices”), buildings, and other items embedded with electronics , software , sensors , actuators, and network connectivity that enable these objects to collect and exchange data (Brown, 2016). In 2013 the Global Standards Initiative on Internet of Things(IoT-GSI) defined the IoT as “the infrastructure of the information society”. 1.2 BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY “The most profound technologies are those that disappear. They weave themselves into the fabric of everyday life until they are indistinguishable from it ” was Mark Weiser’ s central statement in his seminal paper [Weis 91] in Scientific American in 1991. There is a sea change in human ’ s daily life as well as in working conditions in organizations after the arrival of IT and ITeS technologies. This is becoming well-known concept across many horizontal and vertical markets including a common man ’ s everyday life in the society, as it has several applications. The development of the Internet of Things [IoT] has been primarily driven by needs of large corporations that stand to benefit greatly from the foresight and predictability afforded by the ability to follow all objects through the commodity chains in which they are embedded (Lianos and Douglas; 2000 ). The ability to code and track objects has allowed companies to become more efficient, speed up processes, reduce error, prevent theft, and incorporate complex and flexible organizational systems through IoT. The IoT is a technological revolution that represents the future of computing and communications, and its development depends on dynamic technical innovation in a number of important fields, from wireless sensors to nanotechnology. They are going tag the each object for identifying, automating, monitoring and controlling. The Internet of Things (IoT) is a network of networks where massively large numbers (Ferguson, 2002 ) of objects or things are interconnected to each other through the network. The network allows the objects to exchange information and communicate with each other in order to provide value-added services to humans, to allow for the network of networks of things to manage its own internal components, and last but not least for the control of the physical environment in which the system is embedded. The components in the Internet of Things may be physical devices, physical sensors or physical actuators; but, they may also be virtual things such as software components and objects that provide virtual services(Ferguson, 2002). It has been predicted that there would be billions of devices connected to the Internet by 2020. The IoT allows objects to be sensed and/or controlled remotely across existing network infrastructure, creating opportunities for more direct integration of the physical world into computer-based systems, and resulting in improved efficiency, accuracy and economic benefit in addition to reduced human intervention (Santucci, 2016; Mattern, and Floerkemeier, 2016; Reddy, 2014; Lindner, 2015). When IoT is augmented with sensors and actuators, the technology becomes an instance of the more general class of cyber-physical systems, which also encompasses technologies such as smart grids, smart homes ,intelligent transportation and smart cities. Each thing is uniquely identifiable through its embedded computing system but is able to interoperate within the existing Internet infrastructure. Experts estimate that the IoT will consist of almost 50 billion objects by 2020 (Evans, 2011). 1.3 Brief History Of IoT As of 2016 , the vision of the Internet of things has evolved due to a convergence of multiple technologies, including ubiquitous wireless communication, real-time analytics , machine learning, commodity sensors, and embedded systems . This means that the traditional fields of embedded systems, wireless sensor networks, control systems , automation (including home and building automation), and others all contribute to enabling the Internet of things (IoT). The concept of a network of smart devices was discussed as early as 1982, with a modified Coke machine at Carnegie Mellon University becoming the first Internet-connected appliance, able to report its inventory and whether newly loaded drinks were cold. Mark Weiser’s seminal 1991 paper on ubiquitous computing , “The Computer of the 21st Century”, as well as academic venues such as UbiComp and Per Com produced the contemporary vision of IoT. In 1994 Reza Raji described the concept in IEEE Spectrum as “[moving] small packets of data to a large set of nodes, so as to integrate and automate everything from home appliances to entire factories”. Between 1993and 1996 several companies proposed solutions like Microsoft’s at Work or Novell ‘s NEST. However, only in 1999 did the field start gathering momentum. Bill Joy envisioned Device to Device (D2D)communication as part of his “Six Webs” framework, presented at the World Economic Forum at Davos in 1999. The term “Internet of Things” was coined by Peter T. Lewis in a 1985 speech given at a U.S. Federal Communications Commission (FCC)supported wireless session at the Congressional Black Caucus 15thLegislative Weekend Conference. In his speech he states that “The Internet of Things, or IoT, is the integration of people, processes and technology with connectable devices and sensors to enable remote monitoring, status, manipulation and evaluation of trends of such devices.” The concept of the Internet of things became popular in 1999, through the Auto-ID Center at MIT and related market-analysis publications. Radio-frequency identification ( RFID) was seen by Kevin Ashton (one ofthe founders of the original Auto-ID Center) as a prerequisite for the Internet of things at that point. Ashton prefers the phrase “Internet fort things.”If all objects and people in daily life were equipped with identifiers, computers could manage and inventory them. Besides using RFID, the tagging of things may be achieved through such technologies as near field communication, barcodes, QR codes and digital watermarking. In its original interpretation, one of the first consequences of implementing the Internet of things by equipping all objects in the world with minuscule identifying devices or machine-readable identifiers would be to transform daily life. For instance, instant and ceaseless inventory control would become ubiquitous. A person’s ability to interact with objects could be altered remotely based on immediate or present needs, in accordance with existing end-user agreements. For example, such technology could grant motion-picture publishers much more control over end-user private devices by remotely enforcing copyright restrictions and digital rights management, so the ability of a customer who bought a Blue-ray disc to watch then movie could become dependent on the copyright holder’s decision, similar to Circuit City’s failed DIVX. 1.4 AIM AND OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY The aim of the study is to asses the current state of the Internet of Things, look at the causes for the relatively low security standards, provide solutions to the problems troubling the Internet of Things, and work as a guideline for developers designing devices for the Internet of Things. Weaknesses in existing devices is discovered, real world problems encountered, and new ways of improving security presented. The objectives are as follows: Ø To examine the security and privacy challenges of Internet of Things (IoT). Ø To assess the current state of the Internet of Things, look at the causes for the relatively low security standards Ø To provide solutions to the problems troubling the Internet of Things, and work as a guideline for developers designing devices for the Internet of Things. Ø Weaknesses in existing devices is discovered, real world problems encountered, and new ways of improving security will be presented. 1.5 SCOPE OF THE STUDY This research work is limited to provide a concrete findings on security and privacy challenges been experienced in the use of Internet of Things (IoT). 1.6 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY This project research has identified the problems existing in the old system of operation of objects/things and also the poor standard of the security and privacy issues of IoT. It is designed specifically to come up with a more resound and effective knowledge on IOT security and privacy system that will provides detailed information about IoT to developers. 1.7 MOTIVATION OF THE STUDY One of the motivations behind this research work is a report presented by Hewlett Packard on the state of security in the Internet of Things where it was concluded that 80 % of the tested devices had insufficient authentication and or authorization, 80 % showed privacy concerns, and 70 % used unencrypted communication channels. Looking at recent research and media reports quickly backs up these claims with examples such as the European standard for smart-grids using home-built and insecure cryptography, and BMW using no form of cryptography in any of their cars, affecting millions of people worldwide. With the number of connected devices having already reached several billions and continuing to rise, IoT security will be affecting an increasing number of people in the coming years. 1.8 METHODOLOGY The current research problem is divided into phases; a phase of research is to analysis the security framework and architecture for IoT performance enhancement. The security model and threat taxonomy for IoT is developed by understanding the available literature in the field. The defined threat taxonomy in research had motivated to extend the work in jamming attack, which is one of the disastrous attacks on WSN. The research had taken the understanding of the currently available approaches for attacks on IoT and defined more simpler and understandable models for these attacks. The research is motivated from the current literature in secure key and privacy management where very few work addressed the management of keys under mobile environment. The research proposed the security and privacy measures for software developers. The possible security guidelines that will improve the efficiency of IoT community was proposed. The research is majorly concentrating on security and privacy issues surrounding industrial, home, and health applications of WSN.
Keywords: INTERNET OF (IOT) IP BASED CAMERA SECURITY MONITORING SYSTEM
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INTERNET OF (IOT) IP BASED CAMERA SECURITY MONITORING SYSTEM
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