MALARIA PARASITE AND IT EFFECT TO HUMAN HEALTH (A CASE STUDY OF UYO CITY POLYTECHNIC)

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✎: MALARIA PARASITE AND IT EFFECT TO HUMAN HEALTH (A CASE STUDY OF UYO CITY POLYTECHNIC)

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Keywords: MALARIA PARASITE AND IT EFFECT TO HUMAN HEALTH (A CASE STUDY OF UYO CITY POLYTECHNIC)

 

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ABSTRACT

This study investigated the effect of malaria on human health specifically the effect of malarial infection on blood cells at uyo city polytechnic, uyo akwa ibom state, Nigeria. Out of 878 suspected cases of malaria, malarial parasites were detected in 809 blood smear (16.58%). Measurement of Hb, RBCs, WBCs and platelets count were done by using ADVIA® 2120i Hematology system (SIEMENS). The cell counts were cross check by experienced pathologists at Pathology laboratory. This study found that the Plasmodium falciparum infection have more effects on cells causing degradation than other malarial parasite All these findings were statistically significant. uyo city polytechnic

Malaria parasite and it effect to human health(a case study of uyo city polytechnic

Introduction

Malaria is a disease of human which causes high morbidity and mortality. Disease is of global importance, results in 300–500 million cases yearly and 1.5–2.7 million deaths annually. Approximately 2.48 million malarial cases are reported annually from South Asia, of which 75% cases are from Nigeria alone. [1-2] major cause of morbidity in the tropics. Two hundred and forty seven million cases were reported worldwide in 2006 [3] . Haematological changes are some of the most common complications in malaria and they play a major role in malaria pathology. These changes involve the major cell lines such as red blood cells, leucocytes and thrombocytes. In Western Kenya, severe anaemia is the predominant severe malaria syndrome peaking in the first two years of life and is attributed to Plasmodium falciparum [4] .

Malaria is one of the most important causes of morbidity in the world. It is a vector borne infectious disease caused by a eukaryotic protista of the genus Plasmodium. The disease is transmitted by female Anopheles mosquitoes which carry infective sporozoite stage of Plasmodium parasite in their salivary glands (Akinleye, 2009). It is transmitted from person to person through the bite of a female Anopheles mosquito that is infected with one of the four species of PlasmodiumPlasmodium ovale, Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium malariae. Children under five years and pregnant women are particularly vulnerable to the

disease due to their weaker immune systems (WHO, 2000). Malaria is an acute and chronic disease caused by obligate intracellular Protozoa of the genus Plasmodium. The zoological family Plasmodidae contains protozoan parasites found in the blood of birds, reptiles and mammals (Akinleye, 2009).

  1. falciparum are found throughout tropical Africa, Asia and Latin America. P vivax is worldwide in tropical and some temperate zones. P. ovale is mainly in West Africa, while P. malariae is worldwide but very patchy in distribution (TDR, 2000). P. falciparum is responsible for about 80% of malaria infection in man and P. vivax is not seen among Africans especially West Africans due to the absence of the Duffy blood group (Afolabi Lesi and Adenuga, 1996).

1.1.2 Epidemiology of malaria

Malaria killed 437,000 children befor their fifth birthday in 2013, the majority in sub-Saharan  Africa (WHO, 2014). It is a mosquito-borne infection that killed an estimated 1.1 million people in 1998 and with an estimated 300 to 1600 million new cases, but in 2013 the desease caused an estimated 453,000 under – five deaths. According to the latest estimates, malaria mortality rates were reduced by about 47% globally and by 54% in the WHO African Region between 2000 and 2013The incidence rates declined by 30% around the world and by 34% in

the African region. These substantial reductions occurred as a result of a major scale-up of vector control interventions, diagnostic testing and treatment with artemisinin – based combination therapies, or ACTs. The absolute numbers of malaria cases and deaths are not going down as fast as they could. The disease still took an estimated 627 000 lives in 2012,  mostly those of children under five years of age in Africa. This means 1300 young lives lost to malaria every day – a strong reminder that victory over this ancient foe is still a long way off (WHO, 2013). Malaria is a major public health problem in Nigeria where it accounts for more

cases and deaths than any other country in the world. Malaria is a risk for 97% of Nigeria’s population. The remaining 3% of the population live in the malaria free highlands. There are an estimated 100 million malaria cases with over 300,000 deaths per year in Nigeria. This compares with 215,000 deaths per year in Nigeria from HIV/AIDS (United States Embassy in Nigeria, 2011). The fact that so many people are dying from mosquito bites is one of the greatest tragedies of the 21st centuryLike other diseases once banished to the geopolitical margin, malaria is re-appearing in areas of the world formerly deemed disease free. In a 1999

report, WHO warned of the serious risk of uncontrolled resurgence of malaria in Europe owing to civil disorder, global warming, increased irrigation (canals are important breeding sites for mosquitoes) and international travel.

Keywords: MALARIA PARASITE AND IT EFFECT TO HUMAN HEALTH (A CASE STUDY OF UYO CITY POLYTECHNIC)

 


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Keywords: MALARIA PARASITE AND IT EFFECT TO HUMAN HEALTH (A CASE STUDY OF UYO CITY POLYTECHNIC)

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