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Keywords: RIGHT OF AN ACCUSED UNDER THE NIGERIA CRIMINAL JUSTICE

ABSTRACT

The entrenchment of right of an accused under the Nigeria criminal justice could be traced to the 1960 Independence Constitution and those that followed it. The Independence Constitution of 1960 and the Republican Constitution of 1963 have provisions for the protection of fundamental human rights. The 1979 and the 1999 constitutions went further by providing a bill of right. This entrenchment of human right provisions in our constitutions was aimed at creating a society which protects political freedom as well as the social and economic well-being of Nigerians. However, despite the guarantee of fundamental rights and liberties in the Nigerian constitutions since 1960, the country has had the misfortune of military interruption in its polity. This had profound and far reaching effects on the promotion and protection of democratic values such as freedom of expression among Nigerians. This study examines the legal framework within which freedom of expression is practiced in Nigeria due to that fact that concepts such as freedom of expression are subject to various philosophical interpretations. It gives insight into the genesis of RIGHT OF EXPRESSION OF AN ACCUSED in the modern jurisprudence and provides a proper conceptual framework of human right from which freedom of expression is derivable. The study also examines the judicial attitudes in Nigeria in interpreting the subject matter. Furthermore, some limitations to right to expression which are premised in substantive and procedural laws are also considered. The practical relevance of social justice in the enforcement of this right in Nigerian also forms part of the study.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER ONE:   

GENERAL INTRODUCTION

1.0.0: INTRODUCTION

1.1.0: BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY

1.2.0: OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

1.3.0: FOCUS OF THE STUDY

1.4.0: SCOPE OF THE STUDY

1.5.0: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

1.6.0: LITERATURE REVIEW

1.7.0: CONCLUSION

CHAPTER TWO: 

THE EVOLUTION OF HUMAN RIGHTS AND DEFINITION OF RIGHTS

OF EXPRESSION

2.0.0: INTRODUCTION

2.1.0: DEFINITION OF RIGHT OF EXPRESSION OF AN ACCUSED

2.2.0: THE EVOLUTION OF RIGHTS OF EXPRESSION IN NIGERIA

2.3.0: THE SOURCES OF RIGHTS OF EXPRESSION IN NIGERIA

2.4.0: CLASSIFICATION OF RIGHTS OF EXPRESSION IN NIGERIA

2.5.0: RIGHT OF EXPRESSION OF AN ACCUSED AND NIGERIA MILITARY JUNTA

2.6.0: RIGHT OF EXPRESSION OF AN ACCUSED THROUGH NIGERIAN CONSTITUTIONS

2.7.0: CONCLUSION

CHAPTER THREE: 

RIGHTS OF EXPRESSION UNDER THE NIGERIAN CONSTITUTION

3.0.0: INTRODUCTION

3.1.0: RIGHT OF EXPRESSION OF AN ACCUSED VIS-À-VIS THE 1999 CONSTITUTION

3.2.0: RIGHT OF EXPRESSION OF AN ACCUSED VIS-À-VIS NIGERIAN TELEVISION

AUTHORITY ACT

3.3.0: RIGHTS OF EXPRESSION VIS-À-VIS NEWS AGENCY OF

NIGERIA ACT

3.4.0: RIGHTS OF EXPRESSION VIS-À-VIS NEWSPAPER ACT

3.5.0: CONCLUSION

CHAPTER FOUR: 

ENFORCEMENT AND LIMITATIONS TO RIGHTS OF EXPRESSION

4.0.0: INTRODUCTION

4.1.0: ENFORCEMENT OF RIGHT OF EXPRESSION OF AN ACCUSED IN NIGERIA

4.2.0: DEFAMATION AS LIMITATION TO RIGHTS OF EXPRESSION

4.3.0: TYPES OF DEFAMATION

4.4.0: DISTINCTION BETWEEN LIBEL AND SLANDER

4.5.0: DEFENSES TO A CHARGE OF DEFAMATION

4.6.0: MEANING OF SEDITION

4.7.0: SEDITION AS LIMITATION TO RIGHTS OF EXPRESSION

IN NIGERIA

4.8.0: SEDITION: A LIVING OR DEAD LAW?

4.9.0: CONCLUSION

CHAPTER FIVE: 

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

5.0.0: CONCLUSION

5.1.0: RECOMMENDATIONS

BIBLIOGRAPHY

LIST OF CASES

GHANA

 Johnson V The King 5 W.A.C.A. 56

INDIA

• Barnet Colemann V. Union of India (1972) 2 S.C.C 788
• Minerwa Mills Ltd V Union of IndiaI.B 980 S.C
• State v. Madras Champakin Doraivajin (1951) A.I.R.S.C 226

NIGERIA

• Adeniji V. Dele Ogba (1989) N.W.L.R. 650
• Adewale V. Jakande (1981) N.C.L. 262
• Adigun V. A. G. Oyo State (1987) N.W.L.R (pt. 56) 678
• Adikwu V. house of Reps (1982)3 N.C.L.R. 394
• Africa newspaper of Nigeria Ltd v. Adamu Ciroma (1996) N.W.L.R. (pt

423) 15

• G. Borno State & Ors V Rev. J.J. Adamy Ors Adamu & Ors (1996)1

N.W.L.R. (pt 427) 681

• Adewale & Ors Alhaji Lateef Jakande & Ors (1981)1 N.C. L.R.
• Akunnia V. Attorney-General Anambra State (1977) 5 S. C. 161
• Archbishop Olubunmi Okogie v. Attorney-General Lagos State (1981) 1 N.C.L.R. 218
• Architect Registration Council of Nigeria V Prof. M.A. Fasassi (1981)3

N.W.L.R. 42

• Atungwu V. Okehukwu (2000)1 N.W.L.R. (pt 641) 507
• Bailey V. President of Nigeria (1982)3 N.C.L.R. 658
• Bakare V. Olumide (1969) 2 AII N.L.R. 321
• Bakare V. Ishola (1959) E.S.C.R. 194
• Chief S.L. Akintola v. Sir Adesoji Adeyemi & Ors (1962) N.W.L. 1278
• Complete Communication Ltd V. Onoh (1998) N.W.L.R. (pt 549) 178
• Controller Nigeria Prison Service, Ikoyi V. Adeknaye (1999) 5 N.W.L.R (pt

602) 589

• Chike Obi V. D.P.P. (1987)1 AII N.L.R. 186
• Dalumo V. Sketch Publishing Co. Ltd
• DIN V. African Newspapers of Nig. Ltd (1990)3 N.W.L.R (pt. 139

Ltd (1972)1 AII N.L.R. 321

• Eguamwense V. Amaghiezenwen (1993)9 N.W.L.R. (pt 315) 1
• Fawehinmi v. Akilu & Anor (1988)2 N.W.L.R. (pt 67) 122
• Fawehinmi v The State (1990)5 N.W.L.R. (pt. 148) 42
• G.P. V Anagobu (1954) 21 N.L.R. 26
• Inter-American Court of Human Rights O/C-5/85, 13^th, 1985
• Iwuoha V Okorike (1996)2 N.W.L.R. (pt 429) 701
• Jakande V. Concord Press (Unreported) LD/803/80
• Mike Ozekhome & Ors V Preisdnet Federeal Republic of Nigeria & Anor

(Unreported) suit No. M/348/90 decided on 19/02/1991

• Johnson V Grant (1923) S.C. 789
• Ladeji V A.G. of the Federation (1982)3 N.C.L.R. 563
• Mohammed V. Kano N.A. (1966) 1 AII N.L.R. 422
• Mukete V Nigerian Corporation and D.S. Ebake (1961) 1 AII N.LR. 482
• Mukete V Nigerian Broadcasting Corporation and D.S. Ebake (1961) 1 AII

N.L.R. 482

• New Patriotic Party V I.G.P. (2000) 2 N.W.L.R (pt 646) 592
• Nigerian Television Authority V Ebenezal Babatope (1966) 4 N.W.L.R. (pt.

440) 75

• Nigerian Textile Mills V Punch Id/768/84 (unreported)
• Ogoja L.G. V Offpboche (1996)7 N.W.L.R. (pt. 485) 52
• Ojeme V Punch (1996) N.W.L.R (pt. 427) 231
• Okoyta V Santil (1991) 7 N.W.L.R (pt. 200) 753
• Olawoyin V A.G. Northern Region (1961) N.R.N.L.R. 53
• Omo-Bare V OdukomayaC.H.C.J/5/73
• Omolowo V Punch (unreported) KWS/OK/6/84  Omo-osagie V Kotobo (1969) 2 AII N.L.R. 175
• People Star Press V Adebayo (1971) U.I.L.R. 269
• Woradie Hotel V Comm (1973) 6 S. C. 7
• Queen V Amalgamated pres of Nigeria Ltd and Fatogun (1961) 1 AII N.L.R. 186
• Queen V the Amalgamated Press of Nigeria Ltd and Fatogun (1961) 1 All

N.L.R

• V Labour (1923)4 N.L.R.I
• Re Mohammed Olayori (unreported) M/196/69 decided on 17^th, 1969
• Saude V Abdullahi (1989) 4 N.W.L.R. (pt. 1168) 387
• Sketch V Ajagbemokeferi (1989) 1 N.W.L.R. (pt.100) 683
• State V Arthur Nwankwo (1985) 6 N.C.L.R 288
• State V Ivory Trumpet (1984) 5 N.C.L.R. 738
• Tarka V Sketch (1978) 2 C.C.H.C.J. 263
• Tony Momoh V The State of the National Assembly (1981) N.C.L.R. 105
• Ubeanu V Uba (1972) E.S.C.L.R. 194
• Umar Abba Tukur V Government of Gongola State (1984) 4 N.W.L.R. (pt.

117) 617

• Uzoh V Superintendent of Prison (Unreported)

UNITED KINGDOM

• Attorney General V. Forster 1 (1963) Q. B. 477
• G. V. Guardian Newspapers Ltd (1987) 3 AII E.R. 316
• Secretary of State for Defence & Anor V Guardian Newspaper Ltd (1985)

A.C. 339

• G. V. London Weekend Television Ltd (1972)3 AII E.R. 1146
• G. V. Times Newspaper Ltd (1974) A. C. 273
• Onslow’s and Whalley’s case (1983) L.R.. 9 Q. B. 219
• Alexander V. North Eastern Railway (1965)6 B & 5 340
• British Steel Corporation V. Grennada Television (1981)1 AII E.R. 417
• Dangers V. Rivaz (1960)20 Beav 233
• E.T.P.U V. Time Newspaper Ltd (1980) Q. B. 58
• Home Office V Harmari (1983) 1 A.C. 280
• Juandoo V.A.G. Guyana (1971) A.C. (P.C.) 972
• Jennison V Bakar (1973)1 AII E.R. 997
• Kunffer V London Express (1944) A.C. 116
• M’cpherson V Daniel (1892) 10 B & C 263
• V Cathill (1791)26 Stea Trials 674
• Whitney V California 274 U.S. 357
• Willis V Childe (1950) 13 Beav. 117

UNITED STATES

• Abraham V. U. S. 250 US 616
• Branzburg V. Hayers (1977) 408U.S. 665
• Kibrun V Thompson 103 U.S. 168
• Muskrat V United States 21 U.S> 346 at 361 (1911)
• S. V Ballard (1944) 332 U.S. 78

NEWSPAPER  REPORTS

• Bodude bankole, not so Much Freedom as objectivity of the Press, Daily Times, 5^th March 1997.
• Chief Gani Fawehimi, The source 13^th September 1999
• Nduka onum, Punch, 1^st February, 1977
• New Nigerian Newspaper, 17^th Dec, 1984
• Tony Momoh Electoral Act and the Press, Sunday Times 15^th August, 1982
• News Watch, 29^th June, 1992  Nigerian Standard, 12^th December, 1994
• Nigerian Tribune,13, 11^th February, 2003.
• The punch, 11^th March, 1977
• The Guardian, 13^th October, 1992  This Day, Vol. 7^th May, 2010.
• The Source, 13^th September, 1999
• West African Bulletin 7, 1990

REPORTS AND OFFICIAL DOCUMENTS

• Constitution Drafting Committee Report of the Federal Republic of Nigeria 1, 1999.
• National Action plan for the promotion and protection of Human Right in Nigeria, Vol. 1, 1990
• Report of Constitution Drafting Committee Report of the federal republic of

Nigeria Vol 1, 1990

• Report of political Bureau of the Federal Republic of Nigeria, 1987
• Resolution of House of Commons, Reported in Hansard, 4^th Series, Vol.

155, 4^th April 1906

Keywords: RIGHT OF AN ACCUSED UNDER THE NIGERIA CRIMINAL JUSTICE

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