This study, “RIGHT OF EXPRESSION UNDER THE NIGERIAN CONSTITUTION: ISSUES AND CHALLENGES” contains concise information that will serve as a framework or guide for your project work. The project study is well-researched for academic purposes and are usually provided in complete chapters with adequate References. Keywords: RIGHT OF EXPRESSION UNDER THE NIGERIAN CONSTITUTION: ISSUES AND CHALLENGES
ABSTRACT The entrenchment of Right of Expression as a fundamental human right in Nigeria could be traced to the 1960 Independence Constitution and those that followed it. The Independence Constitution of 1960 and the Republican Constitution of 1963 have provisions for the protection of fundamental human rights. The 1979 and the 1999 constitutions went further by providing a bill of right. This entrenchment of human right provisions in our constitutions was aimed at creating a society which protects political freedom as well as the social and economic well-being of Nigerians. However, despite the guarantee of fundamental rights and liberties in the Nigerian constitutions since 1960, the country has had the misfortune of military interruption in its polity. This had profound and far reaching effects on the promotion and protection of democratic values such as freedom of expression among Nigerians. This study examines the legal framework within which freedom of expression is practiced in Nigeria due to that fact that concepts such as freedom of expression are subject to various philosophical interpretations. It gives insight into the genesis of right of expression in the modern jurisprudence and provides a proper conceptual framework of human right from which freedom of expression is derivable. The study also examines the judicial attitudes in Nigeria in interpreting the subject matter. Furthermore, some limitations to right to expression which are premised in substantive and procedural laws are also considered. The practical relevance of social justice in the enforcement of this right in Nigerian also forms part of the study. TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER ONE: GENERAL INTRODUCTION 1.0.0: INTRODUCTION 1.1.0: BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY 1.2.0: OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY 1.3.0: FOCUS OF THE STUDY 1.4.0: SCOPE OF THE STUDY 1.5.0: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 1.6.0: LITERATURE REVIEW 1.7.0: CONCLUSION CHAPTER TWO: THE EVOLUTION OF HUMAN RIGHTS AND DEFINITION OF RIGHTS OF EXPRESSION 2.0.0: INTRODUCTION 2.1.0: DEFINITION OF RIGHT OF EXPRESSION 2.2.0: THE EVOLUTION OF RIGHTS OF EXPRESSION IN NIGERIA 2.3.0: THE SOURCES OF RIGHTS OF EXPRESSION IN NIGERIA 2.4.0: CLASSIFICATION OF RIGHTS OF EXPRESSION IN NIGERIA 2.5.0: RIGHT OF EXPRESSION AND NIGERIA MILITARY JUNTA 2.6.0: RIGHT OF EXPRESSION THROUGH NIGERIAN CONSTITUTIONS 2.7.0: CONCLUSION CHAPTER THREE: RIGHTS OF EXPRESSION UNDER THE NIGERIAN CONSTITUTION 3.0.0: INTRODUCTION 3.1.0: RIGHT OF EXPRESSION VIS-À-VIS THE 1999 CONSTITUTION 3.2.0: RIGHT OF EXPRESSION VIS-À-VIS NIGERIAN TELEVISION AUTHORITY ACT 3.3.0: RIGHTS OF EXPRESSION VIS-À-VIS NEWS AGENCY OF NIGERIA ACT 3.4.0: RIGHTS OF EXPRESSION VIS-À-VIS NEWSPAPER ACT 3.5.0: CONCLUSION CHAPTER FOUR: ENFORCEMENT AND LIMITATIONS TO RIGHTS OF EXPRESSION 4.0.0: INTRODUCTION 4.1.0: ENFORCEMENT OF RIGHT OF EXPRESSION IN NIGERIA 4.2.0: DEFAMATION AS LIMITATION TO RIGHTS OF EXPRESSION 4.3.0: TYPES OF DEFAMATION 4.4.0: DISTINCTION BETWEEN LIBEL AND SLANDER 4.5.0: DEFENSES TO A CHARGE OF DEFAMATION 4.6.0: MEANING OF SEDITION 4.7.0: SEDITION AS LIMITATION TO RIGHTS OF EXPRESSION IN NIGERIA 4.8.0: SEDITION: A LIVING OR DEAD LAW? 4.9.0: CONCLUSION CHAPTER FIVE: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 5.0.0: CONCLUSION 5.1.0: RECOMMENDATIONS BIBLIOGRAPHY LIST OF CASES GHANA Johnson V The King 5 W.A.C.A. 56 INDIA • Barnet Colemann V. Union of India (1972) 2 S.C.C 788 • Minerwa Mills Ltd V Union of India A.I.B 980 S.C • State v. Madras Champakin Doraivajin (1951) A.I.R.S.C 226 NIGERIA • Adeniji V. Dele Ogba (1989) N.W.L.R. 650 • Adewale V. Jakande (1981) N.C.L. 262 • Adigun V. A. G. Oyo State (1987) N.W.L.R (pt. 56) 678 • Adikwu V. house of Reps (1982)3 N.C.L.R. 394 • Africa newspaper of Nigeria Ltd v. Adamu Ciroma (1996) N.W.L.R. (pt 423) 15 • A.G. Borno State & Ors V Rev. J.J. Adamy Ors Adamu & Ors (1996)1 N.W.L.R. (pt 427) 681 • Adewale & Ors Alhaji Lateef Jakande & Ors (1981)1 N.C. L.R. • Akunnia V. Attorney-General Anambra State (1977) 5 S. C. 161 • Archbishop Olubunmi Okogie v. Attorney-General Lagos State (1981) 1 N.C.L.R. 218 • Architect Registration Council of Nigeria V Prof. M.A. Fasassi (1981)3 N.W.L.R. 42 • Atungwu V. Okehukwu (2000)1 N.W.L.R. (pt 641) 507 • Bailey V. President of Nigeria (1982)3 N.C.L.R. 658 • Bakare V. Olumide (1969) 2 AII N.L.R. 321 • Bakare V. Ishola (1959) E.S.C.R. 194 • Chief S.L. Akintola v. Sir Adesoji Adeyemi & Ors (1962) N.W.L. 1278 • Complete Communication Ltd V. Onoh (1998) N.W.L.R. (pt 549) 178 • Controller Nigeria Prison Service, Ikoyi V. Adeknaye (1999) 5 N.W.L.R (pt 602) 589 • Chike Obi V. D.P.P. (1987)1 AII N.L.R. 186 • Dalumo V. Sketch Publishing Co. Ltd • DIN V. African Newspapers of Nig. Ltd (1990)3 N.W.L.R (pt. 139 Ltd (1972)1 AII N.L.R. 321 • Eguamwense V. Amaghiezenwen (1993)9 N.W.L.R. (pt 315) 1 • Fawehinmi v. Akilu & Anor (1988)2 N.W.L.R. (pt 67) 122 • Fawehinmi v The State (1990)5 N.W.L.R. (pt. 148) 42 • I.G.P. V Anagobu (1954) 21 N.L.R. 26 • Inter-American Court of Human Rights O/C-5/85, 13th Nov., 1985 • Iwuoha V Okorike (1996)2 N.W.L.R. (pt 429) 701 • Jakande V. Concord Press (Unreported) LD/803/80 • Mike Ozekhome & Ors V Preisdnet Federeal Republic of Nigeria & Anor (Unreported) suit No. M/348/90 decided on 19/02/1991 • Johnson V Grant (1923) S.C. 789 • Ladeji V A.G. of the Federation (1982)3 N.C.L.R. 563 • Mohammed V. Kano N.A. (1966) 1 AII N.L.R. 422 • Mukete V Nigerian Corporation and D.S. Ebake (1961) 1 AII N.LR. 482 • Mukete V Nigerian Broadcasting Corporation and D.S. Ebake (1961) 1 AII N.L.R. 482 • New Patriotic Party V I.G.P. (2000) 2 N.W.L.R (pt 646) 592 • Nigerian Television Authority V Ebenezal Babatope (1966) 4 N.W.L.R. (pt. 440) 75 • Nigerian Textile Mills V Punch Id/768/84 (unreported) • Ogoja L.G. V Offpboche (1996)7 N.W.L.R. (pt. 485) 52 • Ojeme V Punch (1996) N.W.L.R (pt. 427) 231 • Okoyta V Santil (1991) 7 N.W.L.R (pt. 200) 753 • Olawoyin V A.G. Northern Region (1961) N.R.N.L.R. 53 • Omo-Bare V Odukomaya C.C.H.C.J/5/73 • Omolowo V Punch (unreported) KWS/OK/6/84 Omo-osagie V Kotobo (1969) 2 AII N.L.R. 175 • People Star Press V Adebayo (1971) U.I.L.R. 269 • Woradie Hotel V Comm (1973) 6 S. C. 7 • Queen V Amalgamated pres of Nigeria Ltd and Fatogun (1961) 1 AII N.L.R. 186 • Queen V the Amalgamated Press of Nigeria Ltd and Fatogun (1961) 1 All N.L.R • R. V Labour (1923)4 N.L.R.I • Re Mohammed Olayori (unreported) M/196/69 decided on 17th Nov., 1969 • Saude V Abdullahi (1989) 4 N.W.L.R. (pt. 1168) 387 • Sketch V Ajagbemokeferi (1989) 1 N.W.L.R. (pt.100) 683 • State V Arthur Nwankwo (1985) 6 N.C.L.R 288 • State V Ivory Trumpet (1984) 5 N.C.L.R. 738 • Tarka V Sketch (1978) 2 C.C.H.C.J. 263 • Tony Momoh V The State of the National Assembly (1981) N.C.L.R. 105 • Ubeanu V Uba (1972) E.S.C.L.R. 194 • Umar Abba Tukur V Government of Gongola State (1984) 4 N.W.L.R. (pt. 117) 617 • Uzoh V Superintendent of Prison (Unreported) UNITED KINGDOM • Attorney General V. Forster 1 (1963) Q. B. 477 • A.G. V. Guardian Newspapers Ltd (1987) 3 AII E.R. 316 • Secretary of State for Defence & Anor V Guardian Newspaper Ltd (1985) A.C. 339 • A.G. V. London Weekend Television Ltd (1972)3 AII E.R. 1146 • A.G. V. Times Newspaper Ltd (1974) A. C. 273 • Onslow’s and Whalley’s case (1983) L.R.. 9 Q. B. 219 • Alexander V. North Eastern Railway (1965)6 B & 5 340 • British Steel Corporation V. Grennada Television (1981)1 AII E.R. 417 • Dangers V. Rivaz (1960)20 Beav 233 • E.E.T.P.U V. Time Newspaper Ltd (1980) Q. B. 58 • Home Office V Harmari (1983) 1 A.C. 280 • Juandoo V.A.G. Guyana (1971) A.C. (P.C.) 972 • Jennison V Bakar (1973)1 AII E.R. 997 • Kunffer V London Express (1944) A.C. 116 • M’cpherson V Daniel (1892) 10 B & C 263 • R.V Cathill (1791)26 Stea Trials 674 • Whitney V California 274 U.S. 357 • Willis V Childe (1950) 13 Beav. 117 UNITED STATES • Abraham V. U. S. 250 US 616 • Branzburg V. Hayers (1977) 408U.S. 665 • Kibrun V Thompson 103 U.S. 168 • Muskrat V United States 21 U.S> 346 at 361 (1911) • U.S. V Ballard (1944) 332 U.S. 78 NEWSPAPER REPORTS • Bodude bankole, not so Much Freedom as objectivity of the Press, Daily Times, 5th March 1997. • Chief Gani Fawehimi, The source 13th September 1999 • Nduka onum, Punch, 1st February, 1977 • New Nigerian Newspaper, 17th Dec, 1984 • Tony Momoh Electoral Act and the Press, Sunday Times 15th August, 1982 • News Watch, 29th June, 1992 Nigerian Standard, 12th December, 1994 • Nigerian Tribune,13, 11th February, 2003. • The punch, 11th March, 1977 • The Guardian, 13th October, 1992 This Day, Vol. 7th May, 2010. • The Source, 13th September, 1999 • West African Bulletin No. 7, 1990 REPORTS AND OFFICIAL DOCUMENTS • Constitution Drafting Committee Report of the Federal Republic of Nigeria Vol. 1, 1999. • National Action plan for the promotion and protection of Human Right in Nigeria, Vol. 1, 1990 • Report of Constitution Drafting Committee Report of the federal republic of Nigeria Vol 1, 1990
Keywords: RIGHT OF EXPRESSION UNDER THE NIGERIAN CONSTITUTION: ISSUES AND CHALLENGES
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