THE MYTHOLOGICAL ICONS IN AMOS TUTUOLA THE PALM-WINE DRUNKARD

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Keywords: THE MYTHOLOGICAL ICONS IN AMOS TUTUOLA THE PALM-WINE DRUNKARD

 

RESEARCH BODY

ABSTRACT

This project explores the Amos Tutuola’s Palm – Wine Drinkard in terms of it’s use of mythological icons. In particular, the project seeks to explore the novel as an important artifact and a literary product of social existence. It examines how “authencity” is signified in The Palm – Wine Drinkard as it is written by a native artist. In doing so, the project seek to demonstrate that it is an ambivalence over the value and significance of The Palm – Wine Drinkard. Instability is also provoked and acute cultural anxiety is shown in the work of a “natural artist” such as Amos Tutuola in this case.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1    The Meaning of Mythology

1.2    African Belief System and Myth

1.3    The Yoruba Perception of Myth

1.4    The Purpose and Significance of Study

1.5    Aims and Objectives

1.6    Methodology

1.7    Scope of Study

1.8    Playwrights Autobiography

CHAPTER TWO         

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1    Nature of Myth

2.2    The Influence of Mythology on African Creative

Writers

2.3    Essence and Function of Mythology in the African

Society

CHAPTER THREE

ELEMENTS OF MYTH IN AMOS TUTUOLA

THE PALM-WINE DRINKARD

CHAPTER FOUR

TRADITIONAL AFRICAN SOCIETAL OVERVIEWS

AND CONCLUSION

BIBLIOGRAPHY

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1    THE MEANING OF MYTHOLOGY

Mythology is a collection of traditional stories that express the belief of values of a group of people. The stories often focus on human qualities such as good and evil.

Myths often tell the story of ancestors, supernatural beings, heroes, gods, or goddesses with special powers sometimes myths try to describe aspects of customs or explain natural events such as the sun or lightning. These stories sometimes contain mythical characters such as mermaids, unicorn, or dragons. All cultures have some type of myths for example, the classical mythology of the ancient Greeks and Romans is familiar to most people. The stories of nature American people are also well known. The same myths can often be found in different part of the world. For example creation stories related to plants, animals and people are common among may cultures.

The study of myth is called mythology and myth belongs to the sphere of will. It does not have a single form or act according to the simple set of rules, either from epoch or from culture to culture. Most mythical stories concern divinities (divine beings). These divinities have supernatural powers – powers far greater than any humans beings has. But, in spite of their supernatural powers, many gods, goddesses, and heroes of mythology have human characteristics. A number of mythical figures even look like human being and in many cases, the human qualities of the divinities reflect society idea. Good gods and goddesses have the qualities a society admires and evil ones have the qualities the society dislikes.

An old theory, and myth that has enjoyed considerable vogue, holds that myth is oral narratives which explain the essences and sequences of ritual performances, thereby preserving the memory of these elements for posterity such that myth is second to rituals, in terms of evolution. Myth is usually divided into two groups, the creation and explanatory myths. Creation myths try to explain the origin of the world, the creation of human beings and the birth of gods and goddesses and this type of myth is developed by the early societies.

Explanatory myth, in its own case, tries to explain natural processes or events. Many societies have developed myth to explain the formation and characteristics of geographical features such as lake, rivers, ocean, etc. Some myth through the actions or particular gods and heroes, stress proper behaviour and this has to do with the ancient Greek’s strong belief in moderation; that is nothing should be done in excess.

Thus, one notes that myth involves living and this clearly indicates the element of struggle in human nature. For thousands of years, mythology has provided material for much of the world’s great art. Myth and mythological characters have inspired masterpieces of architecture, literature, music etc. Mythical beings fall into several groups, these include ‘anthropomorphic’ divinities, which are called from Greek expression meaning ‘in the shape of man’, these divinities were born, fell in love, fought with one another and generally behaved like their human worshippers. Another group of myth beings include gods and goddesses who resemble animals and these characters are called ‘Theriomorphic’ which mean ‘in the shape of animal’ and many of these occur in Egyptian mythology.

The third group of mythical beings has no specific name; these beings were neither completely human nor complete animal. An example is the famous sphinx of Egypt who had a human head and a horse body. Human beings play an important part in mythology as myth deals with the relationships between mortals and divinities. There are two ways in which the presence of myth in any society may be explained; one is by the way of diffusion and the other is through the independent working of imagination.

Myth hides nothing and flaunt nothing: it distorts; it is neither a lie nor a confession; it is an influxion.

1.2    AFRICAN BELIEF SYSTEM AND MYTH

A wide variety of mythologies have developed among many people that live in Africa; and some of these mythologies are simple and primitive while others are elaborate and complex.

African mythology is a living chronicle in the minds of people. Myth expresses the history, culture and the experience of the African man and it portrays his wishes and the fears as he gropes to understand the unknown by disserting and remolding it to fit his frame of reference. In the study of myth, the African’s metaphysics is created and his beliefs are constructed. African mythology as every other form of African conceptual pattern, emphasise human interaction in life itself. It, thus, explains the context of various African cultures and norms though spiritual communication which often occurs in African myth as a means to uplift the living from the sorrows of their entanglements in the ‘here and now’ philosophy. A myth is created to enhance this and this is done through reincarnation.

Perhaps the best – known African mythologies are those of the West African Ashanti, fon, and Yoruba people. Nyame is the Ashanti sky and fertility god, the rain source for his wife Arase ya, the earth itself. It is the culture hero trickster Aranse the spider who acts as the god’s connection to human beings. Essentially, Arranse corrects the mistakes of Nyame’s creation, convincing the god to send rain to counteract the extreme heat of the new sun, and river and ocean banks to contain the water that would otherwise have flooded the world. Aranse also lives up to his trickster reputation by succeeding in marrying the high god’s daughter.

Among the fon the supreme deity is Nana Buluku, his twin children Mahu and Lisa – female and male, earth and sky, fertility and venality – establish balance in the world. Their son, Dan, maintain life by controlling the deities who embody aspect of nature.

The Yoruba sky god is the aloof Olorun, who load children by the primordial waters, Olokun. These were Obatala of the sky and Odudua of the earth. Some their union came dry and wet trail, which produced Orungan, who made live to his mother, producing the later Yoruba pantheon. The gods of this pantheon represent various phenomena and human activities.

The concept of African mythology is to justify the African wisdom and thus the African scholars find their creature impetus in myth, history and customs. In the light of this mythical concepts, Africans have been able to find their world – view and have made intellectual attempt to understand the phenomenon with which they continually live as Africans. The imprint of myth in the African worldview cannot be obliterated; it educate African about the details of African cosmological beliefs, their meaning and their origins.

1.3    THE YORUBA PERCEPTION OF MYTH

The Yoruba cosmogony revolves essentially around the belief in gods, ancestors, spirits and taboos. For a typical Yoruba man, most of the divinities are supposed to have been men and to have been exhausted for their heroic deeds to the admiration and effection of the people. Therefore he believes that in order to maintain societal status quo, there is need to maintain a perfect and cordial relationship between himself and the gods, it is this realization that brings about deification.

 

Keywords: THE MYTHOLOGICAL ICONS IN AMOS TUTUOLA THE PALM-WINE DRUNKARD

 


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Keywords: THE MYTHOLOGICAL ICONS IN AMOS TUTUOLA THE PALM-WINE DRUNKARD

 


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